01958nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245003700055210003600092260001900128300001300147490000700160520143100167100001701598700002101615700001601636700001801652700002001670856007401690       2011                        eng d  a0065-288100aBiology of Deep-Water Octocorals0 aBiology of DeepWater Octocorals  bAcademic Press  a41 - 1220 v603 aPublisher Summary This chapter discusses the taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography, ecology, and reproductive biology of deep-sea octocorals and also focuses on gorgonian octocorals because they are the predominant octocoral group in the deep sea. The most widely accepted taxonomic scheme for octocorals divides the subclass into four orders: (1) helioporacea, (2) alcyonacea, (3) gorgonacea, and (4) pennatulacea. The distinctions between most orders and suborders are blurred by intermediate taxa that resulted in a continuum of colonial organization and skeletal structure. The major areas of study of deep-sea gorgonians and sources of species descriptions are also summarized. Octocorals have been known from deep water in the North Atlantic, although the Challenger expedition showed that octocorals could be found in the depths of all oceans. Knowledge of deep-water octocorals of the Indo-West Pacific region is meagre and contrasts with the wealth of information on shallow-water taxa. The distribution of the three major deep-sea families’ discussed are––chrysogorgiidae, isididae, and primnoidae. Deep-sea octocoral colonies are often large so it offers a wide range of biogenic habitats to other invertebrate species. The chapter also focuses on those invertebrate species that are found most frequently on the octocoral host. Reproduction, growth, age, food habits, and conservation issues are also considered.1 aWatling, Les1 aFrance, Scott, C1 aPante, Eric1 aSimpson, Anne1 aLesser, Michael  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012385529900002000516nas a2200145   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260003900197300001200236100001600248700001700264700001700281700002000298856005200318       2005                        eng d00aDistribution of deep-water Alcyonacea off the Northeast Coast of the United States0 aDistribution of deepwater Alcyonacea off the Northeast Coast of   aBerlin HeidelbergbSpringer-Verlag  a279-2961 aWatling, L.1 aAuster, P.J.1 aFreiwald, A.1 aRoberts, J., M.  uhttps://deepseaoctocoral.myspecies.info/node/1901824nas a2200181   4500008004100000245003000041210003000071260002800101300001000129520133200139653002001471653001501491653002601506100002001532700002001552700001801572856005201590       1981                        eng d00aAlcyonacea and Gorgonacea0 aAlcyonacea and Gorgonacea  bMoscow: Akademiya Nauk.  a40-553 aTRANSLATION: BORIS Boris_Shoshitaishvili@brown.edu Here’s the translation for the paragraph - I did my best and I put word with multiple meanings and/or words I’m not sure about in quotes. Enjoy: Their length exceeds the length of their spicules by a small amount in the base of their polyps, but their width remains in the same order. Directly under the "halo/aureola/circle" of "tentacles/feelers", the "armor" of the lengthwise positioned sclerites breaks up into 8 distinct "strands/cords", made up of the conserved lengthwise distributed spicules. In this section of "autozoids (I can’t find this word in any dictionary)", the sclerites take on a somewhat applanate (horizontally flattened) form. In each of these "strands/cords", these spicules lie in 5-6 rows in the proximal part and in 3-4 rows in the distal part. The farther "strands/cords" "cross/go over" onto the dorsal side of the "feelers/tentacles". But here remains only two rows of sclerites. The last ones become even more horizontally flattened, but their "skin/surface" is more granular and with more clearly expressed "conical/tapered" "papillae/eminences/buds/tubercules". The length of these spicules practically does not change in comparison to the spicules of the previous section, but their width is somewhat greater and reaches 0.035-0.04 mm.10aChrysogorgiidae10amacrospina10ametallogorgia tennuis1 aPasternak, F.A.1 aKuznetsov, A.P.1 aMironov, A.N.  uhttps://deepseaoctocoral.myspecies.info/node/35