@article {22723855,
	title = {Deep-sea origin and in-situ diversification of chrysogorgiid octocorals.},
	journal = {PloS one},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {e38357},
	abstract = {The diversity, ubiquity and prevalence in deep waters of the octocoral family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883 make it noteworthy as a model system to study radiation and diversification in the deep sea. Here we provide the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Chrysogorgiidae, and compare phylogeny and depth distribution. Phylogenetic relationships among 10 of 14 currently-described Chrysogorgiidae genera were inferred based on mitochondrial (mtMutS, cox1) and nuclear (18S) markers. Bathymetric distribution was estimated from multiple sources, including museum records, a literature review, and our own sampling records (985 stations, 2345 specimens). Genetic analyses suggest that the Chrysogorgiidae as currently described is a polyphyletic family. Shallow-water genera, and two of eight deep-water genera, appear more closely related to other octocoral families than to the remainder of the monophyletic, deep-water chrysogorgiid genera. Monophyletic chrysogorgiids are composed of strictly (Iridogorgia Verrill, 1883, Metallogorgia Versluys, 1902, Radicipes Stearns, 1883, Pseudochrysogorgia Pante \& France, 2010) and predominantly (Chrysogorgia Duchassaing \& Michelotti, 1864) deep-sea genera that diversified in situ. This group is sister to gold corals (Primnoidae Milne Edwards, 1857) and deep-sea bamboo corals (Keratoisidinae Gray, 1870), whose diversity also peaks in the deep sea. Nine species of Chrysogorgia that were described from depths shallower than 200 m, and mtMutS haplotypes sequenced from specimens sampled as shallow as 101 m, suggest a shallow-water emergence of some Chrysogorgia species.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0038357},
	author = {Pante, Eric and France, Scott C and Couloux, Arnaud and Cruaud, Corinne and McFadden, Catherine S and Samadi, Sarah and Watling, Les}
}
@article {120,
	title = {Limitations of Mitochondrial Gene Barcoding in Octocorallia},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {19-31},
	chapter = {19},
	doi = {DOI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02875.x},
	author = {McFadden, C. S. and Benayahu, Y. and Pante, E. and Thoma, J.N. and Nevarez, P.A. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Pseudochrysogorgia bellona n. gen., n. sp.: a new genus and species of chrysogorgiid octocoral (Coelenterata, Anthozoa) from the Coral Sea},
	journal = {Zoosystema},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {595-612},
	chapter = {595},
	abstract = {A new genus and species of deep-sea Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883, Pseudochrysogorgia bellona n. gen. n. sp., is described from colonies collected in the Coral Sea, West of New Caledonia (southwestern Pacifi c Ocean). Th ese specimens bear resemblance to the genera Chrysogorgia Duchassaing \& Michelotti, 1864 (dichotomously-subdivided branches arising from the main stem in a spiraling fashion; polyps characterized by ornamented sclerites) and Metallo gorgia Versluys, 1902 (colony monopodial, hexagonal branching pattern). Additional material collected North of New Zealand (Otara Seamount) is used to complete the description of this new genus. Its taxonomic rank is discussed in light of morphology- and DNA-based phylogenetic inference and analysis of genetic distances among deep-sea chrysogorgiid genera.},
	url = {http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/31492_z2010n4a4.pdf},
	author = {Pante, E. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {Thoma2009,
	title = {Deep-sea octocorals and antipatharians show no evidence of seamount-scale endemism in the NW Atlantic},
	journal = {Marine Ecology - Progress Series},
	volume = {397},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {25-35},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08318},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/theme/m397p025.pdf},
	author = {Thoma, J.N. and Pante, E. and Brugler, M. R. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {Cairns2007b,
	title = {Calcaxonian octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts},
	journal = {Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {58},
	number = {25},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {511-541},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgia, Chrysogorgiidae, fruticosa, Iridogorgia, monticola, pinnata},
	author = {Cairns, S. D.}
}
@article {11,
	title = {A review of the genus Iridogorgia (Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae) and its relatives, chiefly from the North Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K.},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {393-407},
	author = {Watling, L.}
}
@article {10,
	title = {A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial protein-coding sequences},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {513-527},
	author = {McFadden, C. S. and France, S. C. and Sanchez, J.A. and Alderslade, P.}
}
@article {Simpson2005,
	title = {Reproductive Morphology of Metallogorgia melanotrichos (Chrysogorgidae) and Paramuricea placomus (Plexauridae)},
	journal = {Third International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals, Miami, FL},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {Gorgonian-type octocorals are widely distributed in deep-water environments but basic reproductive biology and reproductive processes are not well known in most species. We compared the reproductive morphology of two gorgonian-type octocorals, Paramuricea placomus (Plexauridae) and Metallogorgia melanotrichos (Chrysogorgiidae) and use morphological data to infer sexual reproductive strategy. P. placomus is a member of the Family Plexauridae which includes both deep and shallow-water species. It{\textquoteright}s range extends from the eastern to the western North Atlantic (150m -1600m). The material we examined was collected in the Gulf of Maine in June 2002 and August 2003. M. melanotrichos belongs to the exclusively deep-water octocoral family Chrysogorgiidae. This species occurs both in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (183m - 2078m). We collected and examined M. melanotrichos colonies from the New England Seamount Chain in July 2003 and May 2004. Our study shows that both species are gonochoristic, a trait which is common in shallow-water octocorals. Basic reproductive anatomy in P. placomus and M. melanotrichos is typical of anthozoans, with gonads developing along the mesenteries in the basal region of the polyps (Achituv and Benayahu 1990; Tyler et al. 1995). In male colonies of both species, germ cells appear to undergo synchronous development. In female M. melanotrichos colonies oocytes in various stages of development are present in a single polyp.},
	keywords = {reproduction},
	author = {Simpson, Anne. W. and Watling, L. and ECKELBARGER, K. J.}
}
@inbook {274Pasternak1981,
	title = {Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea},
	booktitle = {Benthos of the submarine mountains Marcus-Necker and adjacent Pacific regions},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {40-55},
	publisher = {Moscow: Akademiya Nauk.},
	organization = {Moscow: Akademiya Nauk.},
	abstract = {TRANSLATION: BORIS Boris_Shoshitaishvili@brown.edu Here{\textquoteright}s the translation for the paragraph - I did my best and I put word with multiple meanings and/or words I{\textquoteright}m not sure about in quotes. Enjoy: Their length exceeds the length of their spicules by a small amount in the base of their polyps, but their width remains in the same order. Directly under the "halo/aureola/circle" of "tentacles/feelers", the "armor" of the lengthwise positioned sclerites breaks up into 8 distinct "strands/cords", made up of the conserved lengthwise distributed spicules. In this section of "autozoids (I can{\textquoteright}t find this word in any dictionary)", the sclerites take on a somewhat applanate (horizontally flattened) form. In each of these "strands/cords", these spicules lie in 5-6 rows in the proximal part and in 3-4 rows in the distal part. The farther "strands/cords" "cross/go over" onto the dorsal side of the "feelers/tentacles". But here remains only two rows of sclerites. The last ones become even more horizontally flattened, but their "skin/surface" is more granular and with more clearly expressed "conical/tapered" "papillae/eminences/buds/tubercules". The length of these spicules practically does not change in comparison to the spicules of the previous section, but their width is somewhat greater and reaches 0.035-0.04 mm.},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgiidae, macrospina, metallogorgia tennuis},
	author = {Pasternak, F.A.},
	editor = {Kuznetsov, A.P. and Mironov, A.N.}
}
@article {Madsen1944,
	title = {Octocorallia},
	journal = {Danish Ingolf-Exped.},
	volume = {5},
	number = {13},
	year = {1944},
	pages = {1-65},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgiidae},
	author = {Madsen, Fritz Jensenius}
}
@article {146,
	title = {The World{\textquoteright}s largest known Gorgonian},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {3630},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {198{\textendash}199},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3630.1.10},
	author = {Watling, Les and Rowley, S. and Guinotte, J.}
}
