@article {22723855,
	title = {Deep-sea origin and in-situ diversification of chrysogorgiid octocorals.},
	journal = {PloS one},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {e38357},
	abstract = {The diversity, ubiquity and prevalence in deep waters of the octocoral family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883 make it noteworthy as a model system to study radiation and diversification in the deep sea. Here we provide the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Chrysogorgiidae, and compare phylogeny and depth distribution. Phylogenetic relationships among 10 of 14 currently-described Chrysogorgiidae genera were inferred based on mitochondrial (mtMutS, cox1) and nuclear (18S) markers. Bathymetric distribution was estimated from multiple sources, including museum records, a literature review, and our own sampling records (985 stations, 2345 specimens). Genetic analyses suggest that the Chrysogorgiidae as currently described is a polyphyletic family. Shallow-water genera, and two of eight deep-water genera, appear more closely related to other octocoral families than to the remainder of the monophyletic, deep-water chrysogorgiid genera. Monophyletic chrysogorgiids are composed of strictly (Iridogorgia Verrill, 1883, Metallogorgia Versluys, 1902, Radicipes Stearns, 1883, Pseudochrysogorgia Pante \& France, 2010) and predominantly (Chrysogorgia Duchassaing \& Michelotti, 1864) deep-sea genera that diversified in situ. This group is sister to gold corals (Primnoidae Milne Edwards, 1857) and deep-sea bamboo corals (Keratoisidinae Gray, 1870), whose diversity also peaks in the deep sea. Nine species of Chrysogorgia that were described from depths shallower than 200 m, and mtMutS haplotypes sequenced from specimens sampled as shallow as 101 m, suggest a shallow-water emergence of some Chrysogorgia species.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0038357},
	author = {Pante, Eric and France, Scott C and Couloux, Arnaud and Cruaud, Corinne and McFadden, Catherine S and Samadi, Sarah and Watling, Les}
}
@inbook {Watling201141,
	title = {Biology of Deep-Water Octocorals},
	booktitle = {Advances in Marine Biology},
	series = {Advances in Marine Biology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {41 - 122},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	abstract = {Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography, ecology, and reproductive biology of deep-sea octocorals and also focuses on gorgonian octocorals because they are the predominant octocoral group in the deep sea. The most widely accepted taxonomic scheme for octocorals divides the subclass into four orders: (1) helioporacea, (2) alcyonacea, (3) gorgonacea, and (4) pennatulacea. The distinctions between most orders and suborders are blurred by intermediate taxa that resulted in a continuum of colonial organization and skeletal structure. The major areas of study of deep-sea gorgonians and sources of species descriptions are also summarized. Octocorals have been known from deep water in the North Atlantic, although the Challenger expedition showed that octocorals could be found in the depths of all oceans. Knowledge of deep-water octocorals of the Indo-West Pacific region is meagre and contrasts with the wealth of information on shallow-water taxa. The distribution of the three major deep-sea families{\textquoteright} discussed are{\textendash}{\textendash}chrysogorgiidae, isididae, and primnoidae. Deep-sea octocoral colonies are often large so it offers a wide range of biogenic habitats to other invertebrate species. The chapter also focuses on those invertebrate species that are found most frequently on the octocoral host. Reproduction, growth, age, food habits, and conservation issues are also considered.},
	issn = {0065-2881},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385529-9.00002-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123855299000020},
	author = {Watling, Les and France, Scott C and Pante, Eric and Anne Simpson},
	editor = {Michael Lesser}
}
@article {144,
	title = {A New Genus and Species of Bamboo Coral (Octocorallia: Isididae: Keratoisidinae) from the New England Seamounts},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {209-220},
	chapter = {209},
	abstract = {Sampling along the New England Seamount Chain has produced a large number of new octocoral species, especially of the bamboo corals in the subfamily Keratoisidinae. The new genus described here is unusual in that it branches from the internodes yet has sclerites at the base of the polyp body that are arranged obliquely, and in having tentacles that can be pulled completely into the top of the polyp over the retracted oral disk. The genus and species are characterized using both morphological and molecular data.},
	doi = {10.3374/014.052.0202},
	author = {Watling, Les and France, Scott C}
}
@article {120,
	title = {Limitations of Mitochondrial Gene Barcoding in Octocorallia},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {19-31},
	chapter = {19},
	doi = {DOI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02875.x},
	author = {McFadden, C. S. and Benayahu, Y. and Pante, E. and Thoma, J.N. and Nevarez, P.A. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Pseudochrysogorgia bellona n. gen., n. sp.: a new genus and species of chrysogorgiid octocoral (Coelenterata, Anthozoa) from the Coral Sea},
	journal = {Zoosystema},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {595-612},
	chapter = {595},
	abstract = {A new genus and species of deep-sea Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883, Pseudochrysogorgia bellona n. gen. n. sp., is described from colonies collected in the Coral Sea, West of New Caledonia (southwestern Pacifi c Ocean). Th ese specimens bear resemblance to the genera Chrysogorgia Duchassaing \& Michelotti, 1864 (dichotomously-subdivided branches arising from the main stem in a spiraling fashion; polyps characterized by ornamented sclerites) and Metallo gorgia Versluys, 1902 (colony monopodial, hexagonal branching pattern). Additional material collected North of New Zealand (Otara Seamount) is used to complete the description of this new genus. Its taxonomic rank is discussed in light of morphology- and DNA-based phylogenetic inference and analysis of genetic distances among deep-sea chrysogorgiid genera.},
	url = {http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/31492_z2010n4a4.pdf},
	author = {Pante, E. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {Thoma2009,
	title = {Deep-sea octocorals and antipatharians show no evidence of seamount-scale endemism in the NW Atlantic},
	journal = {Marine Ecology - Progress Series},
	volume = {397},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {25-35},
	doi = {10.3354/meps08318},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/articles/theme/m397p025.pdf},
	author = {Thoma, J.N. and Pante, E. and Brugler, M. R. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {vanderHam2009,
	title = {Exploring the utility of an indel-rich, mitochondrial intergenic region as a molecular barcode for bamboo corals (Octocorallia: Isididae)},
	journal = {Marine Genomics},
	year = {2009},
	author = {van der Ham, J. and Brugler, M. R. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {8,
	title = {The Mitochondrial Genome of a Deep-Sea Bamboo Coral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Isididae): Genome Structure and Putative Origins of Replication Are Not Conserved Among Octocorals},
	journal = {J Mol Evol},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2008},
	note = {0022-2844 (Print)Journal article},
	pages = {125-136},
	abstract = {Octocoral mitochondrial (mt) DNA is subject to an exceptionally low rate of substitution, and it has been suggested that mt genome content and structure are conserved across the subclass, an observation that has been supported for most octocorallian families by phylogenetic analyses using PCR products spanning gene boundaries. However, failure to recover amplification products spanning the nad4L-msh1 gene junction in species from the family Isididae (bamboo corals) prompted us to sequence the complete mt genome of a deep-sea bamboo coral (undescribed species). Compared to the "typical" octocoral mt genome, which has 12 genes transcribed on one strand and 5 genes on the opposite (cox2, atp8, atp6, cox3, trnM), in the bamboo coral genome a contiguous string of 5 genes (msh1, rnl, nad2, nad5, nad4) has undergone an inversion, likely in a single event. Analyses of strand-specific compositional asymmetry suggest that (i) the light-strand origin of replication was also inverted and is adjacent to nad4, and (ii) the orientation of the heavy-strand origin of replication (OriH) has reversed relative to that of previously known octocoral mt genomes. Comparative analyses suggest that intramitochondrial recombination and errors in replication at OriH may be responsible for changes in gene order in octocorals and hexacorals, respectively. Using primers flanking the regions at either end of the inverted set of five genes, we examined closely related taxa and determined that the novel gene order is restricted to the deep-sea subfamily Keratoisidinae; however, we found no evidence for strand-specific mutational biases that may influence phylogenetic analyses that include this subfamily of bamboo corals.},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=18506498},
	author = {Brugler, M. R. and France, S. C.}
}
@article {19,
	title = {A new species of Isidella bamboo coral (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Isididae) from northeast Pacific seamounts},
	journal = {Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {121},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {541-553},
	keywords = {Isidella tentaculum},
	author = {Etnoyer, P.}
}
@article {Cairns2007b,
	title = {Calcaxonian octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts},
	journal = {Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {58},
	number = {25},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {511-541},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgia, Chrysogorgiidae, fruticosa, Iridogorgia, monticola, pinnata},
	author = {Cairns, S. D.}
}
@article {9,
	title = {Genetic analysis of bamboo corals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Isididae): does lack of colony branching distinguish Lepidisis from Keratoisis?},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {81},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {323-333},
	author = {France, S. C.}
}
@article {11,
	title = {A review of the genus Iridogorgia (Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae) and its relatives, chiefly from the North Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K.},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {393-407},
	author = {Watling, L.}
}
@article {10,
	title = {A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial protein-coding sequences},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {513-527},
	author = {McFadden, C. S. and France, S. C. and Sanchez, J.A. and Alderslade, P.}
}
@article {Simpson2005,
	title = {Reproductive Morphology of Metallogorgia melanotrichos (Chrysogorgidae) and Paramuricea placomus (Plexauridae)},
	journal = {Third International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals, Miami, FL},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {Gorgonian-type octocorals are widely distributed in deep-water environments but basic reproductive biology and reproductive processes are not well known in most species. We compared the reproductive morphology of two gorgonian-type octocorals, Paramuricea placomus (Plexauridae) and Metallogorgia melanotrichos (Chrysogorgiidae) and use morphological data to infer sexual reproductive strategy. P. placomus is a member of the Family Plexauridae which includes both deep and shallow-water species. It{\textquoteright}s range extends from the eastern to the western North Atlantic (150m -1600m). The material we examined was collected in the Gulf of Maine in June 2002 and August 2003. M. melanotrichos belongs to the exclusively deep-water octocoral family Chrysogorgiidae. This species occurs both in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (183m - 2078m). We collected and examined M. melanotrichos colonies from the New England Seamount Chain in July 2003 and May 2004. Our study shows that both species are gonochoristic, a trait which is common in shallow-water octocorals. Basic reproductive anatomy in P. placomus and M. melanotrichos is typical of anthozoans, with gonads developing along the mesenteries in the basal region of the polyps (Achituv and Benayahu 1990; Tyler et al. 1995). In male colonies of both species, germ cells appear to undergo synchronous development. In female M. melanotrichos colonies oocytes in various stages of development are present in a single polyp.},
	keywords = {reproduction},
	author = {Simpson, Anne. W. and Watling, L. and ECKELBARGER, K. J.}
}
@article {Grasshoff1999,
	title = {{The shallow water Gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia)}},
	journal = {Senckenbergiana Biologica},
	volume = {78},
	number = {1,2},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {245pp},
	keywords = {Calcaxonia, Chrysogorgiidae, Octocorallia},
	author = {Grasshoff, M.}
}
@article {14,
	title = {Revisionary systematics in the gorgonian family Isididae, with descriptions of numerous new taxa (Coelenterata: Octocorallia)},
	journal = {Records of the Western Australian Museum},
	volume = {S55},
	number = {supplement no. 55},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {335-339},
	author = {Alderslade, P.}
}
@article {13,
	title = {Observations on bioluminescence in some deep-water anthozoans},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {216/217},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {573-579},
	keywords = {Acanella arbuscula, isididae},
	author = {Herring, P.}
}
@article {4,
	title = {A new isidid octocoral (Anthozoa: Gorgonacea) from New Caledonia, with descriptions of other new species from elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {103},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	note = {0006-324XAccession Number: BACD199089127574; Publication Type: Article; Languages: ENGLISH; Super Taxa: Cnidaria: Invertebrata, Animalia; Taxa Notes: Cnidaria: Animals, Invertebrates; Biosystematic Code: Cnidaria [41000*]; Miscellaneous Descriptors: ISIDELLA-TRICHOTOMA NEW-SPECIES ACANELLA-DISPAR NEW-SPECIES ACANELLA-SIBOGAE NEW-RECORD LEPIDISIS ORSTOMISIS-CROSNIERI NEW-GENUS NEW-SPECIES TAXONOMY KEY ZOOGEOGRAPHY; Concept Code: 00504 [General biology - Taxonomy, nomenclature and terminology]07512 [Ecology: environmental biology - Oceanography]11102 [Anatomy and Histology - Gross anatomy]62800 [Animal distribution -]63508 [Invertebrata: general and systematic - Cnidaria]64008 [Invertebrata: comparative, experimental morphology, physiology and pathology - Cnidaria]},
	pages = {205-228},
	abstract = {The status of the genera Isidella, Acanella, and Lepidisis in the subfamily Keratoisidinae is discussed and the new species Isidella trichotoma and Acanella dispar are described and illustrated. New records of Acanella sibogae Nutting are presented and description of the species amplified and supported by new illustrations of colony, polyps and sclerites. ORSTOMISIS crosnieri, a new genus and species of Keratoisidiniae, is described and illustrated. A new key to genera of Isidinae and Keratoisidinae is presented.},
	keywords = {Acanella, Biogeography (Population Studies), Isidella trichotoma, Keratoisidinae, Keratoisis, Lepidisis, Morphology, Orstomisis, Physiology, Systematics and Taxonomy, Tenuisis},
	url = {http://library.louisiana.edu/cgi-bin/proxy?http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=bxh\&AN=BACD199089127574\&site=ehost-live},
	author = {Bayer, F. M.}
}
@article {5,
	title = {New and previously known taxa of isidid octocorals (Coelenterata: Gorgonacea) partly from Antarctic waters},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {100},
	number = {4},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {937-991},
	keywords = {Ceratoisis, Chathaisis, Chelidonisis, Echinisis, Isididiae, Primnoisis, Sclerisis, Stenisis, Tenuisis},
	author = {Bayer, Frederick M. and Stefani, J.}
}
@article {6,
	title = {Isididae (Gorgonacea) de Nouvelle-Cal{\'e}donie: Nouvelle cl{\'e} des genres de la famille},
	journal = {Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, 4e s{\'e}r.},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {47-106},
	keywords = {Acanthoisis, Isis, Mopsea, Primnoisis, Sclerisis},
	author = {Bayer, F. M. and Stefani, J.}
}
@article {3,
	title = {A new isidid octocoral (Coelenterata:Gorgonacea) from the Galapagos Rift},
	journal = {Boletim de Zoologia, Univ. SGo Paulo, Brazil},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {197-208},
	keywords = {evelineae, Lepidisis},
	author = {Bayer, F. M.}
}
@inbook {274Pasternak1981,
	title = {Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea},
	booktitle = {Benthos of the submarine mountains Marcus-Necker and adjacent Pacific regions},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {40-55},
	publisher = {Moscow: Akademiya Nauk.},
	organization = {Moscow: Akademiya Nauk.},
	abstract = {TRANSLATION: BORIS Boris_Shoshitaishvili@brown.edu Here{\textquoteright}s the translation for the paragraph - I did my best and I put word with multiple meanings and/or words I{\textquoteright}m not sure about in quotes. Enjoy: Their length exceeds the length of their spicules by a small amount in the base of their polyps, but their width remains in the same order. Directly under the "halo/aureola/circle" of "tentacles/feelers", the "armor" of the lengthwise positioned sclerites breaks up into 8 distinct "strands/cords", made up of the conserved lengthwise distributed spicules. In this section of "autozoids (I can{\textquoteright}t find this word in any dictionary)", the sclerites take on a somewhat applanate (horizontally flattened) form. In each of these "strands/cords", these spicules lie in 5-6 rows in the proximal part and in 3-4 rows in the distal part. The farther "strands/cords" "cross/go over" onto the dorsal side of the "feelers/tentacles". But here remains only two rows of sclerites. The last ones become even more horizontally flattened, but their "skin/surface" is more granular and with more clearly expressed "conical/tapered" "papillae/eminences/buds/tubercules". The length of these spicules practically does not change in comparison to the spicules of the previous section, but their width is somewhat greater and reaches 0.035-0.04 mm.},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgiidae, macrospina, metallogorgia tennuis},
	author = {Pasternak, F.A.},
	editor = {Kuznetsov, A.P. and Mironov, A.N.}
}
@article {15,
	title = {The marine fauna of New Zealand: Isididae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) from New Zealand and the Antarctic},
	journal = {New Zealand Oceanographic Memoir},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1-54},
	author = {Grant, R.}
}
@article {Bayer1949,
	title = {Chalcogorgiinae, a new subfamily of Chrysogorgiidae Coelenterata : Alcyonaria, and a description of Chalcogorgia pellucida, VOL. 86 new genus and new species, from the Straits of Florida},
	journal = {Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {39},
	number = {7},
	year = {1949},
	pages = {237-240},
	keywords = {Anthozoa, Calcaxonia, Chrysogorgiidae, Octocorallia},
	author = {Bayer, F. M.}
}
@article {Madsen1944,
	title = {Octocorallia},
	journal = {Danish Ingolf-Exped.},
	volume = {5},
	number = {13},
	year = {1944},
	pages = {1-65},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgiidae},
	author = {Madsen, Fritz Jensenius}
}
@article {244Deichmanm1936,
	title = {The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean},
	journal = {Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1936},
	pages = {1-317},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgiidae},
	author = {Deichmann, Elisabeth}
}
@article {280,
	title = {System und Stammesgeschichte der Isididae},
	journal = {Zool. Anzeiger},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1915},
	pages = {116-126},
	author = {Kukenthal, W}
}
@article {Nutting1908,
	title = {Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902},
	journal = {Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1908},
	pages = {543-601},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgiidae},
	author = {Nutting, C.C.}
}
@article {Wright1885,
	title = {The Alcyonaria},
	journal = {Rept. Sci. Res. Challenger},
	volume = {Narrative 1},
	number = {2},
	year = {1885},
	pages = {689-693},
	keywords = {Chrysogorgiidae},
	author = {Wright, E.P.}
}
@article {16,
	title = {Reports on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the "Blake" in 1877-1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Fish Hawk" in 1880-82},
	journal = {Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1883},
	pages = {1-72},
	keywords = {Acanella, Ceratoisis, Chrysogorgia, Chrysogorgiidae, Dasygorgia, Iridogorgia, isididae, Keratoisis, Lepidisis, Primnoa, Primnoidae},
	author = {Verrill, A. E.}
}
@article {146,
	title = {The World{\textquoteright}s largest known Gorgonian},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	volume = {3630},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {198{\textendash}199},
	doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3630.1.10},
	author = {Watling, Les and Rowley, S. and Guinotte, J.}
}
